Chinese and Japanese Response to Western Imperialism Essay

Information Security Privacy in Healthcare Discussing the HIPAA Standards Requirements

Presentation Today, like never before previously, it has become progressively obvious that the day by day working of a social insurance foundation on a very basic level relies upon the honesty, accessibility and reliability of its data frameworks. Persistent wellbeing data, research, activities, and fund all rely upon exceptionally open, dependable, and strong programming applications, information, and data innovation framework (Glaser Aske, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Information Security Privacy in Healthcare: Discussing the HIPAA Standards Requirements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, human services suppliers are legally necessary to carefully watch an intricacy of norms as illustrated in the protection arrangements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This paper audits some fundamental issues identified with hierarchical arrangements, systems and documentation necessities overseeing wellbeing substances for HIPAA consistence. Issues in Information Technology Reporting Data One of the hidden issues shrouded in the archive is the requirement for secured substances to fix inside and outside consistence methods by guaranteeing that their business partners buys in to a lot of guidelines and necessities planned for guaranteeing the honesty and unwavering quality of the electronic ensured wellbeing data (EPHI). This goal is accomplished by guaranteeing that the secured substance gets consented to protection arrangements with the business partners, especially on the utilization and revelation of EPHI (HIPAA, 2007). The subsequent issue concerns the requirement for the secured element and its partners to lead customary reviews on EPHI not exclusively to guarantee consistence with the necessities and guidelines plot in the Act, yet additionally to ensure that EPHI is utilized for the expected purposes. Business partners, for example, programming designers, should in this manner create and actualize record-level security planned for limiting access to EPHI woefully to the individuals who are permitted by the Act (Sarrico Hauenstein, 2011). The factors of EPHI that requires protecting as laid out in rules and guidelines of HIPAA additionally comes out unequivocally in this record. Undoubtedly, the Act requires all partners †secured elements, supports, business partners, and subcontractors †to consistently guarantee the secrecy, uprightness, and accessibility of EPHI (HIPAA, 2007). For instance, a sub-operator shrunk by a business partner of a secured substance to make a segment of the electronic wellbeing register (EHR) must not just guarantee the classification, honesty and accessibility of EPHI under its ownership, yet should consent to consent to consistence arrangements that suitable the errand of actualizing sensible and proper shields to the subcontractor (HIPAA, 2007; Cannoy Salam, 2010).Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing m edication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fourth, the article has completely examined how penetrates to the security of patient wellbeing data ought to be tended to either by the secured substance or by the business partners, backers, or subcontractors. In conclusion, the record has delineated how approaches and methodology required by the Security Rule ought to be fused with the organization’s strategic culture to empower powerful usage. Here, the secured substances are given a slack to adjust the principles and methodology of the Security Rule to accommodate their present strategic approaches for strategy improvement and usage, as long as the alterations are reported and actualized as per the prerequisites of the Act (HIPAA, 2007). Security Breaches The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) characterizes a break as the â€Å"†¦acquisition, access, use, or divulgence of ensur ed wellbeing data in a way not allowed under [the HIPAA security rule] which bargains the security or security of the secured wellbeing information† (Brown, 2009, p. 27). All things considered, any utilization, revelation of, or access to, electronic patient wellbeing data that isn't explicitly allowed by the HIPAA protection rule comprises a security penetrate. For instance, inappropriately revealing patient wellbeing data that contains the name of the patient and dates of his/her arrangements to an outsider who isn't permitted by the HIPAA security rule to approach such data establishes an infringement of the protection rule yet not a significant hazard; notwithstanding, the ill-advised use or exposure of touchy patient data, for example, the sort of administrations got by the patient, comprises a penetrate since such divulgence could bring about damage to the patient (Brown, 2009) Technologists working in the secured element should report the breaks to the people who could be hurt as an immediate outcome of the penetrate. Genuine penetrates, for example, those including in excess of 500 patients in a given state or ward, must be accounted for to the media and the Secretary to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). For breaks including under 500 patients, be that as it may, the technologists need to answer to the organization of the secured element, who at that point keep up a log of the detailed penetrates with the mean to advise the HHS not late than 60 days after the expiry of the schedule year (Brown, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Information Security Privacy in Healthcare: Discussing the HIPAA Standards Requirements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Requirements The necessities noted in the report include: hierarchical prerequisites; necessities for bunch wellbeing plans, and; approaches, methods and documentation prerequisites. Under the authoritative necessities, the secured substance i s required to go into restricting agreements or different courses of action with business partners who will have direct access to the secured entity’s EPHI so as to guarantee the powerful usage of managerial, physical, and specialized shields that all things considered and accurately ensure the classification, respectability, and accessibility of EPHI. This prerequisite additionally plots courses through which the business partners should report penetrates to the security and protection of patient information, and the ramifications for rebelliousness (HIPAA, 2007). The standard on the prerequisites for bunch wellbeing plans obliges the â€Å"†¦group wellbeing intend to guarantee that its arrangement reports require the arrangement support to sensibly and fittingly shield EPHI that it makes, gets, keeps up or transmits in the interest of the gathering wellbeing plan† (HIPAA, 2007, p. 5). This suggests the arrangement supporter of the gathering wellbeing plan who ap proaches touchy electronic patient wellbeing information is required by the Security Rule to design records utilizing a language which is like that previously required by the Privacy Rule. Thusly, the support must not just guarantee sensible and proper protections to the privacy, uprightness, and accessibility of EPHI under its removal, yet should likewise guarantee that any specialist, including a subcontractor, to whom it benefits this information is obliged to actualize sound and suitable security orders to shield the data (HIPAA, 2007). Finally, the prerequisites manage issues of how a secured substance may change its arrangements and strategies to accommodate its crucial authoritative culture, given that the alterations are recorded and executed as per the Security Rule (HIPAA, 2007).Advertising Searching for article on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As per Withrow (2010), these prerequisites give the secured elements the adaptability they have to actualize the arrangements and methodology of the Security Rule as indicated by their standard strategic policies, however they should take alert not to dodge the necessities as cherished in the Security Rule. In documentation standard, secured substances are not just required to hold documentation for a predetermined number of years (6 years) from the date of its creation or up to the date when the report was rearward in actuality, yet they are additionally expected to make the documentation accessible to the people liable for executing the systems to which the documentation relates (HIPAA, 2007). Evaluating and refreshing the documentation varying is additionally a prerequisite. IT Workers To guarantee adherence to the prerequisites examined over, the secured elements must grasp broad and normal preparing everything being equal, however with specific accentuation to representatives in their data innovation divisions (Sarrico Hauenstein, 2011). The guidelines, principles, and prerequisites contained in the HIPAA are intricate, consequently the requirement for IT laborers to attempt extensive preparing planned for illuminating them on situations that may bargain the security and protection of EPHI to a level that may make the elements resistant. In reality, the broad preparing and training ought to be stretched out to the workers of the business partners. Resistance of the Requirements Organizations are regularly seen as rebellious to the gauges and prerequisites examined in this paper because of various reasons, with the significant one being the absence of appropriate comprehension of what might be considered as a break to the security and protection of EPHI (Withrow, 2010). For instance, medicinal services associations may not realize that some straightforward demonstrations, for example, an attendant giving an emergency clinic release sheet to an inappropriate patient may establish a break if the wellbeing data (e.g., treatment for medicate misuse) of the legitimate proprietor is remembered for the release sheet. Shifted translations of the measures have likewise been refered to as a significant reason for resistance (Sarrico Hauenstein, 2011). La

Apply HR theory (Motivation) to company (G4S) Example

Apply HR theory (Motivation) to company (G4S) Example Apply HR theory (Motivation) to company (G4S) â€" Research Paper Example > HR THEORY (MOTIVATION) AT G4S by Introduction It has often been said that human resources are the greatest assets of a service organization and that one of the most essential and vital tasks of management is to motivate that resource to achieve corporate success and maximize its performance (Manion, 2005:34). Motivation as described by Buchbinder and Shanks (2007) is the personal inner drive that guides an individual’s behavior towards a goal. Motivation thus, is important in retaining and getting people to perform (Buchbinder, Shanks, 2007:5). The G4S is British Multinational Security Company that was founded in 2004 after a merger of the Denmark-based Group 4 falck and UK-based Securicor plc. It is also the worlds third-largest private sector employer with over 620,000 employees (Who Profits, 2011). Leadership The leadership at G4S has been particularly important, especially the HR, in motivating employees to perform better in various roles they perform at the company. As such, the company has ensured an enormous range of middle management and support roles in different offices to help employees continually strive to achieve the company business objective (Hersey Blanchard, 1993:34). This has ensured that employees remain focused to serve highly (Egelund Nielsen, 2013). Rewards G4S grows in the belief that its employees are one of the most significant part of the organization’s success. As such, the company HR department ensures that it rewards its employees to perform even much better in the coming years. For example, G4S has an employee of the year awards that is held yearly in different countries of operation like Bahrain. As stated in the company website, reward and recognition is one of the major tools to keep employees motivated and engaged with the company. We have initiated various employee engagement activities that had a significant impact on their morale including introducing the Employee of the Year Award in 2011” (G4S, 2014). This ensures that employees work hard to achieve more. Employee Motivation Motivation is important for employee growth (Vroom, 1964:4). G4S as a company prides in its ability to ensure that its employees are motivated to work and perform highly. Thus, the company has several methods of employee motivation. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people are more productive when they are psychologically satisfied (Maslow, 1954:13). The company has tried to motivate the employees to make them effective. First, the company HR department has an employee engagement strategy that helps the company improve service delivery for consumers and ensure an increased business growth opportunity. The company has employed the PRIDE model to implement this. P   - Protect their basic needs R   - Respect them as individuals I   - Involve them in the business D   - Develop their skills and potential E   - Engage them fully Culture Culture is a very important aspect in employee motivation. G4S has been able to develop and sustain a culture of hard work and support for its employees that ensures employees of company support even in difficult times. This is highly motivational (Porter, Bigley Steers, 2003:34). For example, the company offers training and development and support for local suppliers through practical or financial assistance at times of difficulty. According to the company website, “In Thailand for example, which has experienced successive and severe floods, the G4S Employee Trust made grants of over £266,000 to support our employees and their families” (G4S, 2014). The company has also established a scholarship program for employee children for instance in Guatemala and Kenya and an employee Trust. Change management At G4S, change management is an important factor to ensure continuity even when leadership or organizational functions change to ensure that employees are always motivated to work hard (Redman Wilkinson, 2001:23). Change has been in G4S since its establishment as it seeks to widen its market arena. However, the company has been able to effectively manage change through company culture and consistency in services and beliefs that leaders come with. This has sustained the company’s significance both in the market and in the employees (Mulongo, 2013). Conclusions G4S has managed to motivate its employees effectively over the years through different aspects as explained in leadership, culture, employee motivation, change management and the reward system. This has made the company successful overall. Recommendations To ensure uniformity, the company should implement similar motivational styles in all its branches worldwide to make all employees feel a sense of belonging. G4S should also align the salary of its employees depending on their qualifications, technical knowhow and experiences in different fields worldwide (Nicholson, 2003). Reference List Buchbinder, Shanks, NH 2007, Introduction to health care management. New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Egelund Nielsen, A. (2013). Understanding the failure of the divestment of ISS. G4S, 2014, Social responsibility. Retrieved March 13 2014 from http: //www. g4s. com/en/Social%20Responsibility/Securing%20our%20people/Employee%20welfare/ Hersey P Blanchard K. H, 1993, Management of Organizational Behaviour â€" Utilizing Human Resources, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall International. Mabey C Salaman G 1995, Strategic Human Resource Management, New York: Blackwell Manion, J 2005, From management to leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Maslow, AH 1954, Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Row Nicholson, N 2003, How to motivate your problem people. Harvard Business Review, 81(1), 57â€"65. Mulongo, MD 2013, Change Management Practices and Role of Leadership in Managing Change at G4s Kenya Limited. Available http: //erepository. uonbi. ac. ke: 8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/60646 Porter L. W, Bigley G. A Steers R. M, 2003, Motivation and Work Behavior, Seventh Edition: New York: McGraw-Hill Redman T Wilkinson A, 2001, Contemporary Human Resource Management, New York: Prentice Hall. Vroom, VH 1964, Work and motivation. New York: Wiley Who Profits 2011, The case of G4S: private security companies and the Israeli occupation. Available: http: //whoprofits. org/sites/default/files/WhoProfits Appendix Employee Welfare In 2012, G4S invested £641,000 from the Employee’s Trust and other welfare funds into programs to support the welfare and development of our employees.

Jean Piaget and Cognitive Psychology - 2327 Words

Piaget insisted that cognitive development followed a sequence and that stages cannot be skipped and that each stage is marked by a new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of world by children , then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment. The goal of this theory is to explain the mechanism and processes by which the infant , and then the child develops into an individual who can think using hypothesis . According to Woolfolk (2005) cognitive development is a person’s mental capacity to engage in reasoning , thinking ,interpretation , understanding ,knowledge acquisition , remembering ,organizing information ,analysis and problem solving†. This†¦show more content†¦Piaget (1954) believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation , which is achieved through a mechanism which he called equilibration . As children progress through the stages of cognitive development , it is important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge and changing behavior to account new knowledge . Equilibrum helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought into the next . Piaget (1954) argues that children perform different kinds of operations at different stages in their cognitive development and that a child who has not reached the appropriate stage cannot perform that particular kind of operation for example an infant in the first stage cannot perform an operation belonging to the third stage .its senses and is also learning motor co-ordination , the control of its body . Hayes (1993:120) posits that according to Piaget (1954) at this stage the child has only a limited number . The second stage is the pre operational stage which ranges between two years and seven years .This stage is time of dramatic change and cognation. According to Piaget (1954) the pre operational child’s thinking is often quite illogical by adults standards. The child at this stage cannot perform logical, mental operations but gradually develops the use of language and ability to think in symbolic form. Children at this stage are able to think operations though logica lly in oneShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Psychology1187 Words   |  5 Pages Jean Piaget was at the forefront of the Cognitive Psychology movement and one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century. His work on schemas, adaptation, and his development theory are still being used today in most professional settings as a way to understand the development of the child. His work on schemas led to a new understanding of mental illness, paving the way for Cognitive-Behavioral therapies and other therapeutic methods that are based off faulty thinkingRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Influence On Children844 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was born on the 9th of August in 1896. He lived in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland, with his mother and father. Jean had a fairly interesting life and he was incredibly smart showing from a very young age. This most likely had to do with his living conditions. He is most likely known for his study on children and their thought process, as well as coming up with the cognitive theory. In 1896, Rebecca Jackson and Arthur Piaget gave birth to their first born, Jean Piaget. His mother encouragedRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thought, and the formal operational thought. To sum up Piaget’sRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1039 Words   |  5 PagesDecember, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed â€Å"closer to his teacher Pierre Janet s psychology† (Vidal) BestRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Jean Piaget is a well-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Of the four stages, each has it’s own characteristicsRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreWgu Fht Task 11675 Words   |  7 PagesGovernors University Student ID 259630 FHT4 - Task 1 Cognitive Development refers to the construction of the thought process that includes problem solving, remembering and the ability to make decisions, from childhood up to the adulthood stage. Cognitive/Intellectual Development is the ability to learn, reason, and analyze the fact that a process begins from infancy and progresses as the individual (Educational Psychology). Cognitive Development contains events that are logical, like thinkingRead MoreJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesof psychology. Jean Piaget was one who made a contribution with his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Piaget states that the mind of a child develops through set stages to adulthood (Famous Biographies TV Shows - Biography.com). The theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact through out the history of psychology, andRead MorePiaget s Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology1180 Words   |  5 Pages Piaget Today Rebecca Biddle English 101 Mrs. Rufino 17 December 2015 Rebecca Biddle Mrs. Rufino English 101 9 December, 2015 Piaget Today â€Å"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be.† ― Toni Sorenson Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow. Instead of continuing the Freud s work with psychoanalysis, as many

Personal Narrative Get Up, Snowflake ! - 1459 Words

Get up, Snowflake! I moaned, weakly pushed myself off the dirt ground of the arena. My everything hurts. I slowly make my way to my feet and hardly dodged another oncoming attack from Scorpion. Ever if we were friends, he was still brutal when we trained. He didn’t disagree with the monks for keeping me around, but he didn’t think I needed to be trained to fight. I don’t blame him, I’m not great. I stepped to the side fast enough to get out of the way as Scorpion tripped and fell face first in the dirt. I would have never guessed seven year-olds had the capacity to be taught some of the martial arts methods that we were supposed to be practicing. I smiled mostly pleased with myself. Scorpion came back. Throwing punches wildly. He was†¦show more content†¦I hear everyone leave as I sit up and dust myself off. And enjoying the quiet after the storm, even if I was covered in dirt. Break The worst part of being a†¦ a weapon, I guess you could say. Yes, that’s what I am. A weapon. I am a blade that can cut both ways. People I care about get hurt†¦ I’m a weapon. The worst part of it all is the training; I learned the hard way once when I was sick. Skipping even one day of training will throw you completely off, it makes every motion you do seem to lose an edge. That feeling of perfection. One day off and you lose it. You lose that feeling of perfection. Efficiently, power, strength. One day is all it takes and it goes away. I can’t afford that, Shoa-Loa told me that. He had spoken to me many times following out first encounter. He knows so many hidden techniques, so many things I didn’t know. Aikido was always one of the martial arts I had been fonder of. I also enjoyed Judo. So that was today’s practice. Aikido. I was in a gym, smaller than the court, and nicer, there were punching bag, mats, and other things that could be used in physical training. I slowly and carefully go through each motion, for some reason my mind wanders back to the past. Funny to think I was the complete worst in my class, and now†¦ I was within a year away from competing to become King of K’un-Lun. The idea had begun to grow on me. ‘Focus! Focus! Focus! Young Dragon! Please Focus!’ A loud and commanding voice floods my ears

Marginal images †the potentials and limitations. Free Essays

string(79) " reinforce the thought that the profane being utilised to heighten the sacred\." What are the potencies and restrictions of the fringy image? Why do fringy images exist? Before the traditional signifier of the book emerged in manuscript signifier, thoughts and events were codified onto coils. Because they were one uninterrupted axial rotation of stuff it was necessary to make divisions between the text and the border was the most practical and aesthetically pleasing solution. Medieval bookmans would hold to warrant the text by manus in order to heighten the aesthetic quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Marginal images – the potentials and limitations. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Books of Hours are a common illustration of both cloistered authorship and the fringy image. Their intent was to aid people ‘s day-to-day supplications ; frequently merely including the first lines of certain supplications, anthem and extracts from the Bible, in peculiar the Psalms. Although originally for members of the clergy and the cloistered community, the wealthier categories started commissioning them to better their position. Marguerite ‘s Hours is a peculiarly utile illustration – a cardinal image shows the three Magi at Bethlehem, one points to a star. In the border we see the frequenter kneeling outside the cardinal infinite, she can non come in as it is holy. Around are monkeys or babewyns ( this term covers all composite animals ) and they reflect the actions of those in the cardinal image. Camille discusses the beginning of their presence: in Gallic ape is le scorch, really near to le signe. Monkeys hence signify representation itself. Their presence besides pertains to the head of a courtier – neither a profane or sacred province of head reflects their life at tribunal. Marguerite is concentrating her attending on the holy infinite but is still in the A ; lsquo ; carnival ‘ border. At first glimpse the fringy images seem incoherent following to the cardinal 1s. Camille suggests that the images were a verbal and ocular manner for elect audiences [ 1 ] . He besides explains that borders merely became an country for art when text as a cue for address was replaced by text as a written papers for its ain interest. Fringy imagination became more of import due to this different usage of text – words needed to be recognised more easy taking to a decreased amplification of the initials. Camille suggests that the frequently amusing nature of the images originates from the large-scale production of the texts – errors were bound to happen and the illuminators took advantage of this. In the Ormesby Psalter, Camille shows that people A ; lsquo ; enjoyed ambiguity ‘ [ 2 ] as it is easier to bask and esteem the sacred when it can be contrasted with the profane. For illustration, there is a nun in the Psalter who is used to stand for the deficiency of celibacy in monasticism. She should be like the Virgin Mary yet she suckles a monkey, the scorch, doing the image a monstrous mark of the nun ‘s human wickedness. Maps besides offer an penetration into fringy images and the positions of the people who commissioned them. Friedman explains that there are two types of map: the Noachid or T-O map, a cosmogonic and theological map of the universe with A ; lsquo ; ethnological purpose ‘ [ 3 ] ; and Macrobian which is region-centred and concerned with clime, taking to A ; lsquo ; utmost people in utmost topographic points ‘ [ 4 ] . In Noachid maps, Jerusalem is the theological and geographical Centre of the universe. In Freidman ‘s illustration, the Hereford map ( c.1290 ) Jesus is at the top, or East of the map. It is the same in the Ebstorf map ( c.1240 ) , caput in the East, hands in the North and South and Feet in the West. Both maps have a set of A ; lsquo ; monstrous races ‘ clustered at the border ( s ) of the map – they about appear pushed at that place. In the Hereford map, there are some of these races in the North, they are held back by Alexander ‘s Gate of Brass to A ; lsquo ; forestall the dirty peoples from nearing the Centre in the same manner the Nile confines the Plinian [ southern ] races ‘ [ 5 ] . Macrobian maps are wholly different as they illustrate climatic differences including a conjectural 2nd temperate zone in the Antipodes ( opposite-footed or Southern part ) . This poses sever fringy and doctrinal jobs – the Antipodes was an country which had the possible to host temperate peoples merely like themselves in the West, yet how would they hold a impression of their Godhead, the Christian God while they remained strictly conjectural? This type of map projected a general thought that morality and the visual aspect of monstrous races were due to habitat. Friedman offers descriptions of the Plinian Races which in our eyes is about amusive. The term Plinian originates from Greek and Roman descriptions. Pliny, being a Stoic, oversimplified the races, increasing their restrictions of accurate descriptions of them. Over the centuries new races were created by dividing and uniting bing 1s – the mediaeval people enjoyed big Numberss of them. However there are immense restrictions in their representations: why did n’t the overdone representations disappear when coevalss went at that place? Friedman suggests that there was a psychological demand, to exert their imaginativenesss, to advance the fright of the unknown to maintain people faithful. Another ground is that some of the races really existed – pigmies, matriarchal A ; lsquo ; Amazon ‘ societies and the Amyctyrae, perchance based on the Ubangi tribal usage of lip-stretching. He besides says that the description of the sciapod may hold been due to the extraordinary airss of yoga. Such mistakes in perceptual experience lead to decrease in the potency of such images. Cohen looks in to the thought of the fright of the unknown in the signifier of the Donestre. It illustrates the misperception and the psychologic al demands of A ; lsquo ; others ‘ . Medieval people were marginal obsessed with unusual people. The Donestre represents the A ; lsquo ; other ‘ who can place with you but has the power to transform you into a portion of itself. A ; lsquo ; The Donestre transubstantiates the adult male ‘ [ 6 ] . Such representations reinforce the thought that the profane being utilised to heighten the sacred. You read "Marginal images – the potentials and limitations." in category "Essay examples" Anglo-saxon England contained a intercrossed people [ 7 ] – the Donestre became of a form of A ; lsquo ; a organic structure that absorbs difference without wholly cut downing or absorbing it ‘ [ 8 ] , a utile tool to reflect their intercrossed society and themselves within it. Maps and monstrous races offer the restrictions of fringy images of the other – faraway races which were non encountered everyday. They are limited as the medieval people fabricated or misinterpreted many of them. They do hold some possible nevertheless, as they provide an penetration into the mediaeval projection of the other and their position of themselves, for case the fright of being like those races and utilizing themselves to show or reassure themselves of their high quality. Marginalised Hebrews are wholly different as they were the seeable other within society. Art is non a mirror of historical society but it can intercede for us. In fringy images, harmonizing to Strickland, they were legally-bound to be identifiable within the crowd, they are frequently shown have oning odd-shaped chapeaus. This differentiation was required as, unlike Muslims or monstrous races, Jews were non easy to separate on a strictly ocular footing. Rubin explores Christian representations of host profanation ; in most rhythms they originate from a Parisian image- typically a Jew persuades a Christian adult female to steal the host from Mass and convey it to him in exchange for a garment. The Jew ( s ) proceed to knife the host to prove it as the organic structure of Jesus. This presents jobs in itself ; Jews did non accept Jesus as their Messiah so why would they experience the demand to prove it? The host begins to shed blood after they stab it, as the organic structure of Chri st this echoes or repeats the crucifixion which happened at the custodies of the Jews. The desecrators so seek to destruct it by firing, boiling or concealing it. However an phantom of Christ in assorted signifiers will emerge taking to either the host being found or Christians walk in during the phantom. The Jews are normally converted by what they have witnessed. This is due to a new focal point on the Eucharist and liturgical jobs the fold faced – it was hard to understand transubstantiation. The clergy could utilize these images to demo that if even Jews could be converted it would be foolish non to believe in the true organic structure and blood of Christ. Even after the Jews in the narratives convert they would normally be punished or executed. Hebrews were capable to force and humiliation throughout the mediaeval period, Christian images reinforce this outlook. Strickland besides talks about a thirteenth-century image showing the narrative of Theophilus, a Christian churchman who outwitted the Devil. In the image, a papers is passed to the Devil by a Jew. His facial characteristics are no different to the Christian but his chapeau identifies him. This image pertains to the thought that this Jew acted as an intermediary between Theophilus and the Devil. The Jew appears affluent, possibly due to the wickedness of vigorish, beef uping the statement of his association to the Devil. It is clear that Christians used art to project a negative image of Jews. It makes us inquire why they tolerated their presence in their society if they were so repulsed by them. Although we do cognize that England sent all Jews into exile some old ages subsequently. For me the most interesting fringy art is that made by Jews within this mostly Christian society. Harmonizing to Epstein, the Jews were present in mundane society but did non absorb to the full, taking to involvement anomalousnesss in lighted manuscripts. He besides points out that there are three variables for the manuscripts: did Judaic creative persons illuminate them? Did Christian artists light them? Does it non matter which artist as the frequenter may non hold allowed any free reign? Epstein talks about the thought of following and accommodating which is what a Judaic illuminator would make – accommodating recognized Christian iconography to accommodate a Judaic intent in a elusive manner. If Christians were lighting so amp ; lsquo ; mediaeval Judaic art ‘ can non be, as they would hold conformed to acceptable traditions as good. The statement in basically inconclusive: the fact that the text is Hebrew does n’t govern out a Christian creative person in the same manner that stylistic similarities do n’t govern out a Judaic 1. Why would a Christian agree to do art for a Judaic intent, particularly if it was an anti-Christian one? Did the Jews non gain Christian creative persons were enforcing their conventions on them or was it strictly assimilation? It is possible that the Christians did n’t gain what they were painting due to them non reading Hebrew. It is really of import to gain that these images were created for a Judaic audience, that is why it is A ; lsquo ; Judaic art ‘ . They were to the full cognizant of Christian modern-day art and their unpopularity in society, so possibly by conforming to traditions they could defy in a less open mode. Strauss argues that erudite Jews would be able to decode the symbolic linguistic communication created which would protect the community from Christian persecution. Epstein discusses the fabrication of the fox and the fish which promotes the thought of the weak get the b etter ofing the strong A ; lsquo ; If we are afraid in the component in which we live, how much more so should we be in the component in which we would decease! ‘ [ 9 ] Animal symbols in the borders are really interesting as they show what the marginalised parts of society do with their ain borders. The hare-hunter is really utile in footings of animate being symbolism. In Hebraism it is out to run so why would a Judaic adult male return place with a non-kosher hare? Epstein discusses the thought that it may hold come from a similarity between Hebrew and Jewish words – it is non intended to be an amusive mnemonic but an identifiable symbol of the Jews as the hare, the prey. It allows them to keep their positive self-perception, necessary since the flight from Egypt as they can utilize such images to parallel modern-day societal fortunes. To summarize Epstein positions on A ; lsquo ; Judaic mediaeval art ‘ it seems it provided a safe blowhole to let go of choler, hidden behind the non-vernacular Hebrew, choler about expatriate and persecution while looking to accept the state of affairs on the surface. By analyzing art as a safety valve it can assist us understand Judaic self-perception and their internalized positions as a Western Medieval minority. In decision it seems the art of these Jews seems to hold the most possible in footings of fringy art. That is to state it gives a personal and A ; lsquo ; honest ‘ penetration into their ideas. The jobs or restrictions of all the other signifiers discussed in the essay are they come from one western position, projecting positions onto others which will ever restrict their authorization. Bibliography M. Camille, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art, ( London: Reaktion Books, 1992 ) M. Camille, The Gothic Idol: Political orientation and Image-Making in Medieval Art, ( Cambridge: Up, 1989 ) J.B. Friedman, The Monstrous Race in Mediaeval Art and Thought, ( Cambridge: Mass, 1981 ) J.J. Cohen, Monsters, Cannibalism, and the Fragile Body in Early England, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/~humsci/facpages/cannibal.html D.B. Strickland, Saracens, Demons, and Hebrews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art, ( Princeton: Up, 2003 ) M. Rubin, Gentile Tales, The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews, ( Yale: Up, 1999 ) M.M. Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Art and Literature, ( University Park, Pennsylvania: Up, 1997 ) [ 1 ] Camille p. 13 [ 2 ] Camille p. 28 [ 3 ] Friedman p. 42 [ 4 ] Friedman p. 42 [ 5 ] Friedman p. 45 [ 6 ] Cohen p. 2 [ 7 ] Cohen p. 3 [ 8 ] Cohen p. 3 [ 9 ] Epstein p. 9 How to cite Marginal images – the potentials and limitations., Essay examples

War Helmet for My Pillow free essay sample

Robert Leckie is the protagonist and author of the book â€Å"Helmet for My Pillow From Parris Island. † He is a World War II veteran and describes what it is like in the United States Marine Corps and how he endures the pain and devastating days of the horrors of World War II against the Japanese. The story begins with him in boot camp in Parris Island, South Carolina. The story then leads to the end of his basic training, which challenges him in the Pacific. During his hard journey, he uses many literary devices to get the reader interested and make his story sound as lively as possible; giving the book a vivid tone, a dramatic mood, and deep imageries, this book is a book that will stick in your mind for a while. A vivid tone is mandatory for a war book. Leckie does an amazing job at this by letting the readers know everything that’s going on by his tone. We will write a custom essay sample on War Helmet for My Pillow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It lets the readers interpret the novel in a way Leckie viewed war as a marine. In the end when they reach the open sea, you can really feel the connection between Runner and Leckie when he says, â€Å"So long, boys. This is because the tone Leckie has used throughout the book built it up to this moment. His use of tone in this quote describes the result of facing many severe challenges. The mood in this book is very dramatic. I imagined it to be the sun’s reflection off an officer’s insignia. If he had been an officer, he must have been armed with a saber. This most precious prize of all the war I was determined to get. † In this short paragraph, his use of imagery is just so detailed you can picture what happened exactly in your head. From the sun’s reflection to the shining of the saber, everything is explained to you in a detailed way. In conclusion, all Robert Leckie has to do is get a movie deal. It shouldn’t be too hard, since he already has the vivid tone, dramatic mood, and deep imagery.

Learn About Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs, Halyomorpha halys

Learn About Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs, Halyomorpha halys I have a peculiar fascination with stink bugs. My affection may be misplaced, however, because some stink bugs are pests of garden plants and fruit trees. One exotic species, the brown marmorated stink bug came to the U.S. recently and the agricultural industry is already on alert. Description: The adult brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, can be confused with other brown stink bugs. To identify this species accurately, examine its antennae for alternating bands of light and dark on the last two segments. Adults are a blotchy brown color, with alternating light and dark markings along the edges of the abdomen. They grow to 17mm in length. In its U.S. range, Halyomorpha halys adults may be observed from spring to September. In the fall, they may invade houses and other structures. Find stink bugs in your home in the fall, and theres a good chance youve got brown marmorated stink bugs. First and second instars appear tick-like, but yellowish or reddish in color. The final three instars (five total) become darker and closer in appearance to the adults. Older nymphs have banded legs and antennae and abdominal markings like adults. Clusters of light green eggs may be found from June to August. If you do find a brown marmorated stink bug, keep the insect in a vial or jar and report the find to your local extension office. This insect has the potential to become a serious agricultural pest, and scientists are tracking its spread. Classification: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HemipteraFamily - PentatomidaeGenus - HalyomorphaSpecies - H. halys Diet: Brown marmorated stink bugs feed on plants by piercing fruits and stems. The long list of host plants favored by this insect makes it a significant agricultural pest if populations get too large. Host plants include a variety of fruit and shade trees, as well as other woody ornamentals and even legumes. Known food sources include pear, peach, apricot, cherry, mulberry, persimmon, and apple trees; Buddleia, honeysuckle, Rosa rugosa, and abelia shrubs; raspberries and grapes; and legumes including soybeans and beans. Life Cycle: The brown marmorated stink bug undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. In the U.S., only a single life cycle occurs per year. However, in its native Asia, five life cycles per year have been observed. As H. halys spreads south, more life cycles per year are likely. Eggs - The female lays barrel-shaped eggs in masses of 25-30, on the undersides of leaves.Nymphs - Nymphs emerge 4-5 days after eggs are laid. Each instar lasts about one week.Adults - Adults fly, and become sexually mature about two weeks after their final molt. The female lays eggs at one-week intervals. She can lay as many as 400 eggs in a season. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Like other cousins in the Pentatomidae family, brown marmorated stink bugs possess glands in the thorax capable of producing malodorous compounds. When handled or crushed, stink bugs release this foul-smelling secretion. Their coloration provides camouflage from predators, such as birds. Habitat: Fruit tree orchards, soybean fields, and other areas where host plants occur, including the home landscape. Range: The brown marmorated stink bug is native to eastern Asia, existing in China, Japan, and Korea. Halyomorpha halys has been detected in 42 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces.   Other Common Names: Yellow-brown stink bug, East Asian stink bug Sources: Regional Pest Alert: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Northeastern IPM CenterBrown Marmorated Stink Bug - A New Exotic Insect in New Jersey, Rutgers Cooperative Extension FS002Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, University of FloridaBrown Marmorated Stink Bug, Penn state University

7 In-Demand Skills You Can Learn Quickly That Will Boost Your Job Prospects

7 In-Demand Skills You Can Learn Quickly That Will Boost Your Job Prospects Skill acquisition is super important to advancing your career. But you’re busy- or you live in a remote location- or you just feel daunted by how long it takes to gain proficiency, let alone mastery, of any given skill. Never fear! There are a ton of in-demand and highly marketable skills you can learn quickly. Here are some of the best.1. Web Design/DevelopmentEver notice just how many job postings ask for some variant on this? Or call it a bonus or a plus? There are tons of online sites and programs that can help you learn how to do all of this and more, in your spare time. And this skill will help make you look really good to a wide range of companies needing help launching, updating, or redesigning their sites.2. Data Analysis/StatsEven if you were terrible at math in school, it’s time to give it another try. Big data is the next frontier. Try sites like Khan Academy to get free instruction in how to harness, organize, and analyze mega data sets and put that skill s mack on your resume. Learn something like Mini-tab, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) or E-view to really set yourself apart.3. Cloud ComputingIt’s okay if you don’t even know what that is now. You can learn! Heard these buzz words? Virtualization, software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS)? You too could become an expert in them. Try ALISON.com for a free introductory course to cloud computing. Then you can put Customer Management Software (CRM) expertise on your resume and be that much more marketable.4. Excel and PowerPointThese more complicated programs of the Office suite- and usually the ones you ignore? Never underestimate the power of expertise in either of these programs. Take an online class in either- or both- and revel in how far you can get being a super genius at these programs.5. Public SpeakingThe skills you build while beefing up your public speaking expertise are multipurpose and can bring about a huge confidence boost. Wh en in doubt, improve your communication skills- both written and oral. But public speaking can make you that much more effective when speaking, interviewing, asking for a raise†¦ There are platforms like Udemy and Skillshare available through Toastmasters International or Dale Carnegie Training. You can even sign up for Skillshare through Monster.com and get your first month free.6. CodingAugment your new web development/design skills with some coding knowledge. These technical skills are all the rage right now, can help whether you’re going into marketing or management, and can really set you apart in the hiring pool. Start with HTML and CSS and then see if you can pick up some skill with JavaScript. Try the Web Development Bootcamp for a nine-week course.7. BloggingNot just for teenage girls! Every company needs a blog these days, and having the talent to generate interesting, well-written content, plus the knowledge of SEO and some of the more technical aspects can re ally set you apart from the crowd. When in doubt, be a blogging maven!

Diversity Of Phylum Chordata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diversity Of Phylum Chordata - Essay Example In fish they are modified to form gills and they may disappear as the animal grows especially in some of the vertebrates. The pharyngeal gill slit is present at some point in life of the animals. Nerve cord: It is hollow and dorsoventrally placed to the notochord and ends in the brain. Other features are muscular tail (post anal tail) and endostyle (a groove like structure in the ventral wall of the pharynx. However the general features exhibited by animals in this phylum are: The animals have a bilaterally symmetrical body Their bodies are segmented and therefore have segmented muscles Their coelom is well developed They have well developed circulatory system with a ventrally placed heart and are therefore more active than their counterpart invertebrates. Their skeleton is either bony or cartilaginous Their digestive system is complete meaning that their gut runs through the body from mouth to the anus. The phylum chordate falls under the Kingdom Animalia and is further divided into the subphyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata. However, animals in these subphyla may show different characteristics but the reason for them being grouped in the same phylum is because they exhibit similar characters referred to as unifying links such as urochordates’ larvae have both notochord and nerve cord which vanishes in adulthood. Cephalochordates have a notochord and nerve cord which persist to adulthood but do not have cranium. In vertebrates, the notochord is replaced with vertebral column at adulthood stage and the nerve cord becomes the spinal cord. Subphylum Urochordata Urochordates also known as Tunicates and exemplified by Ascidia have the following characteristics: At adult stage, their body is covered with a suck like structure (Tunica) and has two siphons one through which water enters the body (incurrent siphon) and the other through which water leaves the body (excurrent siphon). They are filter feeders and sessile. Although adults are sessile, their larvae are free swimming and exhibit almost all chordate characteristics. Subphylum Cephalochordata Exemplified by amphioxus and lancelets, cephalochordates have eel like bodies, they are marine, their bodies are segmented. Members of the phylum are soft bodied and therefore, cephalochordates are not fossilized. A notochord extends through their elongated body and mouth is armed with cirri which aids in obtaining food. They have numerous gill slits and are also dioecious. They are filter feeders (extract food from water taken in though the mouth by help of cilia on their wheel organ. Subphylum vertebrata Vertebrates are the most advanced chordates and apart from having an internal skeleton, they exhibit the following characteristics: Their bodies are segmented They have a bilateral symmetrical body Their endoskeleton is either a bony or cartilaginous Pharyngeal gill slits are lost in adults but are present during embryonic stage Their heart is ventrally placed They posses pos t anal tail They have a closed circulatory system Vertebrata Classes Classes captured are: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes,Amphibia ,Reptila ,aves and Mammalia Class Agnatha Agnathans arise from a group of vertebrates known as Cylclostomes (fishes or group of vertebrates without jaws) which excludes Gnathostomes (group of vertebrat

Compliance Standards in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Compliance Standards in Education - Essay Example Students will be able to immediately discuss, write about, and implement material from the classroom in everyday life. Based upon a learner-centred workshop model of classroom participation, the Lesson Plan: Weather is intended to provide students with core curriculum on climate change, environmental science management, and economic and social policies. An advanced lexicon within the English language, the universality of 'Weather Speak' as part of the mediated landscape in the late-capitalist moment, makes the topic both pertinent and timely. Pervasive and highly accessible, classroom activities on weather offer ready assimilation of key concepts, while learning vocabulary and linguistic usages. Mitigation of GHG emissions toward reductions that might decrease carbon dioxide to 1990 levels stand to have long-term effects on environmental health and social foms. From atmospheric research to new models of finance, climate change as a cultural exchange is reinforcing knowledge of our surroundings in new ways never thought possible. Indeed, something as simple as Weather, is now a site for inquiries into environmental science, poetry, and urban planning. Technologies employed within the classroom are responsive to prescriptive methodologies for teaching in the 21st century. Within present pedagogical discussion on training students in the global village, requisite inputs for a well rounded curriculum are constituted not only of the traditional verbal and mathematical proficiency models, but competency building in creative dialogues based on interpretation, critique, the semantic application of visual communications. Deep engagement in visual media has brought us to a state of sophistication in image iconography and accompanying performance. The cultivation of linguistic literacy from visual and media literacy promotes rapid assimilation of concepts familiar from both a consumption and production point of view. Innovative opportunities for skill development, and introduction to secondary sources of research that are now entirely mediated, as in the utility of satellite GIS mapping in weather monitoring, would not be possible without reliance upon media communications strategies, and the attendant lexicons of Science or other disciplinary specific terms. Visual learning models also introduce an element of application within discursive contexts dedicated to intuitive intelligence, for the furtherance of student knowledge and critical inquiry. The implementation of media methods in this course is standardized throughout, and the students become

Lumumba: Race and Revolution :: essays papers

Lumumba: Race and Revolution In the French film entitled Lumumba, director Raoul Peck recreates the revolutionary struggle of Patrice Lumumba, the newly elected Prime Minister of The Congolese Republic. In the movie, we do not see much of the independence struggle against the Belgian government, but we begin to see the reconstruction of the African state in African hands. While no one ever claimed that decolonization was easy, maybe this particular example can best be explained by Fanon’s simplified little quip â€Å"decolonization is always a violent phenomenon. † In this paper, I will seek to locate where this post-colonial violence is located in discourses regarding race, class and gender. Particularly, I will look at the representations of race and class, and the lack of the representation of gender, in order to draw conclusions about the nature of representation and the effects this has on anti-colonial film. Locating the violence within the anti-colonial struggle may be harder than it seems. One can easily note the physical and sexual violence brought upon the people (black and white) of Congo after independence, but we must locate the other forms of violence in order to bring the entire story of Patrice Lumumba to light. The director’s attempt at bringing the story of Patrice Lumumba to the â€Å"silver screen† had political intentions. It had intentions of breaking post-colonial hegemonic forces that portrayed Lumumba as a nationalist dictator. In regards to race and class in Congo, I will refer to the work of Franz Fanon, in particular his book entitled The Wretched of the Earth. In this book Fanon develops a theory of â€Å"dual citizenship† required by the colonizers in order to validate the colonization process. We have to view the movie Lumumba as being part of the anti-colonial discourse in the history of the Congo but also as a historical fiction produced in 21st century France. In viewing this movie, we must locate race and class and the intersection between the two, as this is constantly the case in post-colonial states. We must also understand the exclusion of gender from revolutionary discourses as being part of patriarchy that is not challenged in certain revolutions. The exclusion of gender equality from what Lumumba struggled for is where there is a certain patriarchy, and this kind of patriarchy is evident in almost all revolutionary anti-colonial writing.

Game theory Essay

Game theory is a broad field of study that involves examining ways in which strategic decisions are derived. The study is applied in areas where strategic interactions among rational players produce outcomes with respect to the preferences of those players (Fudenberg & Tirole 1991). Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is mostly used in the social sciences situations like, economics, psychology, political science, and philosophy. The theory is also used in other fields like, biology, engineering, political science, international relations and computer science. Game theory can be classified as; non-cooperative (or strategic) games and co-operative (or coalitional) games (Fernandez & Bierman 1998). Non-cooperative games are involved with how intelligent individuals interact with one another in an effort to achieve their own goals. Co-operative games are where players co-operate in their moves (strategies) to achieve the desired common goals. ‘Strategic-form’ or ‘normal form’ games and ‘extensive form’ games. ‘Strategic form’ games are games where actions by players are taken simultaneously and order of the play is irrelevant to the game’s outcome. ‘Extensive form’ games are games where actions are taken by the players in a sequence and order of play is relevant to a game’s outcome. They are usually presented in a tree diagram. Symmetric and Asymmetric games; Asymmetric games are where the payoffs for playing a particular move depend only on the other player’s strategies. Symmetric game is where identities of the players can be changed without changing the payoff to the strategies. Zero-sum games and non-zero sum games; Zero-sum games are where the total benefits to all players add up to zero (Camerer 2003). In non-zero sum games, the total benefits do not necessarily adds up to zero. Discrete and continuous games; discrete games have finite number of players, moves, events and outcomes. Continuous games have infinite numbers. The basic elements of game theory are; an agent (an entity with preferences/options), game (All situations in which at least one agent can only act to maximize his utility through anticipating responses to his actions by one or more other agents), utility (amount of benefits/welfare an agent derives from occurrence of an event), payoff (an ordinal utility number assigned to a player at event of a certain outcome), outcome (an assignment of a set of payoffs, one to each player in the game), strategy (player’s plan on which action to take to achieved his/her desired payoff) and trees and matrices (ways of representing games that is based on order of play) (Fernandez & Bierman 1998). Game theory is based on the following assumptions: Players in a game are able to make their own preferences i. e. they are free agents. Players are economically rational and they can, assess outcomes, calculate paths to outcomes and choose actions that they think will yield their preferred outcomes. Agents’ purpose is to maximize their utility. Game outcome depends on the actions taken by the players (Camerer 2003). Game theory has been used to explain in different fields to explain varied phenomena. In economics, game theory has been employed to explain business behaviors and economic conditions. Economic theories have embraced game theory in explaining and exhibiting certain economic behaviors. Economists have used other related theories in trying to understand rational interaction of strategic economic decisions that are made by people. These theories are closely linked to game theory and they include, decision theory, general equilibrium theory and mechanism design theory. Decision theory is a game theory of a single player against nature that focuses on preferences and the formation of beliefs (Fernandez & Bierman 1998). The theory is used to demonstrate how best to acquire information before making a decision. Equilibrium theory is a branch of game theory that deals with trade and production and mostly with where there are relatively large number of individual consumers and producers (Fudenberg & Tirole 1991). It is widely used in the macroeconomic analysis of broad based economic policies like monetary and fiscal policies, stock markets analysis, interest and exchange rates studies. Mechanism design theory is built on game theory but have special focus on the consequences of different types of rules (strategies). Example of a game theory is price game used by companies in a duopolistic market to increase their market share. In a duopoly market, two firms control the market and they use factors like prices, quality products and services, promotions, branding and promotion to compete over the market share (Samuelson 2008). When market share of one company increases, the other company’s share decreases. Firms in sectors that sells homogeneous products (e. g. energy sector), uses pricing strategy to win increase their market share. Taking example of two oil companies in a duopolistic market in current oil price surge, the companies are faced with problem of adjusting their prices upwards since this will adversely affect the demand of their oil products and thus reduce their revenues. Increase in crude oil prices has been experienced in the world, and oil and petroleum companies have to increase their retail prices upwards to realize earnings from their venture. Companies also have objective of increasing the volume of their sales, by increasing the market share of their products. Since petroleum companies trades homogeneous products, the main marketing tool to increase their market share is price. For two companies in a duopoly market, if one company increases its prices, and other maintains or even reduces, the former loses market share to the latter. Both companies face the following possibilities from their moves; reduction of market share of their products and hence their future revenues and profit or reduction in their profit margin or loss and hence shrink of their financial performance and growth in the future. Therefore each of the firms is faced with dilemma of which move to take in this situation of sharp increase in their raw materials. The two firms have the following strategic problem; to ensure profitability of their companies amid high cost of their sales, and pressure to maintain their prices at competitive price over their rivals in order to increase demand of their products. These are conflicting goals that management of each company must resolve by making strategic price decisions. Pricing strategies for the two firms are either to increase the price that would results to increase in revenue and retain its market share, reduce price which results to increase in market share of its products or maintain the price (Ibid 2008). Each company want to maximize its utility in the pricing moves i. e. to select a move that will see its market share maintained or increased and also ensure profitability of the company. Each strategy that the companies may take have implications on the other i. e. move by one firm affects the other firm. Example, in case of one firm decreasing its prices, this will affects negatively market share of the other as the demand of the former company’s product increases. Therefore, each company is expected to take choice that will result to its favor. Since the two firms are competing for success in their business, there is no cooperation expected while making this very important pricing choice. However, both firm being the only supplier in the market, they can cooperate and set their price mutually in a way that will ensure that no company will lose out to the other. Such arrangements are common in oligopolistic markets, where producers when faced by price pressure mutually agree to set their prices at the same level that will maintain the market share levels. In this game, each player (company) prefers to increase its market share over the other over maintaining the current market share. Therefore, they are taking conflicting moves to win over the other. The information about the available strategic choices is available to both firms. Both firms also know the current market share of their products and prices of the rival group. Each company has information about the strengths of the other company and knows how much they can support low prices in the price wars. They also know that the cost of crude oil has increased in the world market and that price was the tool to increase their revenues and growth. The only information both companies do not have is which choice their rival make and when. Companies will not make price changes at the same time; therefore the company that will make price changes after the other will have advantage over the other as it has prior information that is very important in making the pricing decisions. This game is an extensive game and the moves are in a sequence order. Therefore, timing of their moves is very important as it will give the second company advantage to make a well informed move. Using a hypothetical case, we take example of one company making first move and then the other follows. Using the game tool we can get the possible outcomes and solutions in an economic situation like ours. The payoffs assigned to each possible result indicate situations where a company can benefit (high payoffs) or lose out to the other competing company (low payoffs). Using a hypothetical example of oil companies BP Inc and Shell Plc as companies that operates in a monopolistic market, we can examine outcomes of pricing moves made by the two companies. The game can be used to give solutions to the price problem in a tight monopolisic market. The pricing game is based on the following assumptions: both BP Inc and Shell Plc are rational entities and in their moves their objectives are to increase their market share. Both firms make a sequential move on pricing that take extensive form (Fudenberg & Tirole 1991). Shell Plc makes their decision after the BP Inc makes their pricing move. There is perfect market information symmetry (all company has all market information). Other factors that affect influence market share of the companies are constant. Strategies employed are price increment, price reduction or maintaining the price level. Payoffs (utility functions) for the moves are assigned as: Company that increases its market share over the other gets 5, company that losses its market share to the other gets -5. The payoffs represent the companies gain or loss in market share. The range for payoff is from -5 to 5, with both the lowest and the highest value representing the highest gain and the highest loss. The medium values represent an outcome of moderate change in the market share of the companies. The game can be represented in a tree diagram as follows: BP Inc P^ Pv PÂ ¦ Shell P^ Pv PÂ ¦ P^ Pv PÂ ¦ P^ Pv PÂ ¦ (0, 0) (-5, 5) (-2, 4) (5, -5) (3, 3) (4, 2) (4, 0) (2, 4) (2, 2) If BP Inc increases its prices ( P^) due to increased world crude oil prices, and shell Plc increases (P^) too the outcome will be (0, 0) i. e. their market share would not change but their sales may reduce due to decreased demand. If Shell Plc reduces (Pv) the prices after BP Inc has increased its prices, the pay offs are (-5, 5) i. e. BP Inc will loss its market share at a rate that is same as one Shell Plc will increase its market share. In the scenario that BP Inc will raise its prices and Shell maintains its prices (PÂ ¦), the payoffs are (-2, 4) i. e. market share for BP will reduce (Pv) but at low rate compared to Shell increment rate will be. On the other hand, if BP Inc reduces its prices first and then Shell raises its prices, the outcome will be (5, -5) i. e. market share for BP will increase at a rate that’s same as the one Shell Plc will lose its share. If both firms reduces their prices, the payoff is going to be (3, 3) i. e. their market share will not change but their sales will be better (higher revenue than if prices are higher). However, if BP reduces its prices but Shell maintains its price, the pay off will be (4, 2) i. e. BP’s market share will increase comparatively higher than Shell’s. In the last scenario, in case BP maintains its price level but Shell Plc increases its price the outcome payoff will be (4, 0) i. e. BP’s share will increase over Shell’s at relatively higher rate. But if BP maintains its prices and Shell reduces its prices, the pay off will be (2, 4) i. e. Shell Plc will increase its market share at a higher rate than BP Inc. In the last possible scenario, if both BP and Shell maintains their prices, the payoff will be (2, 2) i. e. there is not going to be changes in the market share, though both firms will have higher sales than if they raise their prices. The game theory provides the solution that the second (shell) should take a move to reduce its price, if BP increases as it will greatly increase its market share. Also it can get increased market share and profit if it maintains its prices, after BP increases its prices. To the company that makes the first move, the best solution is to maintain the price level as it will have higher payoffs without risking the move by the Shell. These options are the only one that will increase their market share and profitable growth. The price game theory can be used to understand economic changes in duopolistic markets. The game can be used in making strategic pricing and marketing decisions. The approach is important to economic theorists in describing the economic rationale that relates to commodity prices, demand and supply dynamics (Guala 2005). Despite the usefulness of game theory, there are some challenges to this theory. The assumptions on which the theory is based sometimes do not hold (Fernandez & Bierman 1998). Game theorist assumption that players always act in a way to directly maximize their utility sometimes is violated by human behaviors i. e. in practice, human behavior often deviates from this model. This is because of the following factors that need to be considered; irrationality, new models of deliberation, and different motives (). In real life some people tend to respond irrationally in a situation where they are ideally expected to respond rationally. Also different people are motivated by different things and thus tend to respond differently in the same situation. To this end some theorists take game theory as tool for suggesting how people should respond but not as a tool to predict human behaviors and that game theory is used to explain strategic reasoning rather than strategic behaviors. Other limitations of the theory are based on the assumptions that prices changes are the only factors that will affect the demand of the oil products and consequently the market share. In real life there are rational factors that affect the market share of a product or a company. Quality of products and services, brand strength, promotions and other marketing strategies influences the demand of a product and its market share. Companies may also be motivated by other factors other than increasing market share when making pricing decisions. The theory also does not assign specific values to specify to what percentage a company gain or lose the market share. Since it’s an economic analysis it should give outcomes that can be easily understood and that make economic sense. However, the theory is very important in giving the general description of how individuals are expected to respond given a certain economic conditions. In the economic field the theory has been instrumental in explaining behaviors of firms and individuals’ producers and consumers. The theory is also very important in understanding how strategic decisions relate. Reference: Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton: Princeton University Press Fernandez, L F. ; Bierman, H S. (1998), Game Theory with Economic Applications, Addison-Wesley Fudenberg, D. , and Tirole, J. (1991). Game Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Guala, F. (2005). The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Samuelson, L. (2005). Economic Theory and Experimental Economics. Journal of Economic Literature 43:65-107.

Life Imprisonment - 1378 Words

| LIFE IMPRISONMENT IS A GOOD ALTERNATIVE TO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT | Can life imprisonment be a good alternative to death penalty? The issue remains unresolved. Even the US Supreme Court that had abolished ‘Death Penalty’ reversed its decision when new and less cruel methods of execution were introduced. Why does a society punish its members for certain acts that are offensive and unacceptable to its laws and codes? This can be a starting point of exploring our dilemma about death penalty vs. life imprisonment. It is argued that fear of death deters people from committing crimes, and the penalty of death exerts a positive moral influence. The American death penalty laws have invited ire and ridicule of human rights activists everywhere,†¦show more content†¦A person who gets caught for killing another individual is usually someone who did not plan to murder in the first place. These individuals fall into the â€Å"crimes of passion† category. Crimes of pass ion are defined as unlawful acts of an individual which are unplanned and erupt as a result of a fit or rage or anger. These illegal actions usually stem from drunkenness or a short term loss of logical thinking, which can be attributed to anger. The death penalty would logically deter crime, but the problem is that most murderers are unplanned and are not a result of logic. During the 1930s the federal government, under the direction of Jack Gibbs, investigated the effectiveness of the death penalty in deterring serious crime. The results of Gibbs investigation is that capital punishment did not deter. However, during the 1970s, Prof. Isaac Ehrlich found out through his research that capital punishment did deter but no one else besides Ehrlich has come up with the same results. The conclusion that researches have drawn up during the past decade is that the death penalty does not significantly have an effect on serious crime, one way or the other. Another reason that many people are against death penalty is that they feel that many a times innocent people are wrongfully executed, all in the name of justice, even though there are many safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing death penalty.Show MoreRelatedThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment, but in our legal system’s ability to carry out in its convictions. Thus, many of the families of the victims of such heinous crimes as murders and rapes fail to find closure and are not adequately ‘compensated.’ While in its current state life imprisonment without possibility of parole is quicker and more streamlined and provides much quicker closure, it is in no way equivalent to the loss that the families of victims have to sustain. If capital punishment were incorporated more frequently intoRead MoreMiller vs Alabama1270 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutionality of mandatory life sentences without parole enforced upon persons a ged fourteen and younger found guilty of homicide. The court declared unconstitutional a compulsory sentence of life without parole for children. The states have been barred from routinely imposing sentences based on the crime committed. There is a requirement for individual consideration of the child life circumstance or the defendant status as a child. The court rejected the definite ban on life sentences without paroleRead MoreOpponent Of The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 Pagessome thoughts, life imprisonment without parole has had a bigger effect on inmates simply because they suffer from the feeling of guilt. The US benefits because the cost of the death penalty cost three times more than the cost expense of prison. One central thing about life imprisonment without parole is that they are in prison for the rest of their lives. According to Citizens United for Alternatives to the Death Penalty, it said, â€Å"In certain cases, imprisonment should be for life, with no possibilityRead MoreJuvenile Crime : The Criminal Justice System1031 Words   |  5 Pagestobacco products, they cannot sign legal documents, they cannot be out after a certain hour, they are deemed too immature to handle their own lives. Juveniles, however can be waived to adult court where they could face sanctions as harsh as life imprisonment. In July 2003, 16 year old Terrance Jamar Graham and three other juveniles attempted to rob a restaurant in Jacksonville, Florida. Graham was arrested and charged with armed burglary with assault and or battery and attempted armed robbery. UnderRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1491 Words   |  6 Pageshave risen in many forms. People tend to commit crimes even though the government clearly states the consequences for such actions taking place. One prime example is murder. Though people commit murder and acknowledge that the penalty for such act is life in prison, which still doesn’t deter humans from undertaking the act. Death penalty could be a solution to stop humans from committing such gruesome acts. Therefore I strongly believe that the death penalty is acceptable in several cases. ThurgoodRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay694 Words   |  3 Pageslegal discussions over history has been the death penalty (capital punishment). There is many people who are against this but there are others who are for. As well there are also many countries that have abolished death penalty and murderers thus get life sentences for their crimes while in other countries like China and many USA states are still cruelly punishing a lot of people in this way. Even though the death penalty has been a controversial subject, it is not acceptable by no means in this eraRead MoreIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesDeterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and the justification for the punishment. ARead MoreMinors and the Death Penalty1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthe family of the juvenile in question. D. Capital punishment is more expensive than a life imprisonment sentence without the opportunity of parole. Florida spent an estimated $57 million on the death penalty from 1973 to 1988 to achieve eighteen executions, that is an average of $3.2 million per execution. It costs six times more to execute a person in Florida than to incarcerate a prisoner for life with no parole. The average cost of a capital trial in Florida is $3.2 million. A study foundRead MoreThe Bet By Anton Chekhov1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Bet† by Anton Chekhov is a short story that focuses on the value of human life with the character’s different viewpoints on the death penalty and imprisonment for life. The author uses elements of literature to show that the definition of prison society accepted may be wrong. The first element of literature the author uses is characterization. In the story, there are two main characters: the banker and the lawyer. The story begins showing how wealth y the banker is, as shown by the way he threwRead MoreReasons For The Death Penalty Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesThere is nothing humane about killing a human being. The act of committing murder is offensive and cruel (Mappes, DeGrazia Zembaty, 2012). Justice can be served in various ways and will be as effective as the death penalty. Life imprisonment without parole is one such way of dealing with persons convicted of committing a murder (Mappes, DeGrazia Zembaty, 2012). While abolitionists and retentionists continue to discuss their viewpoints on the death penalty, it does appear that the retentionists